20年考研英语真题超纲词汇大集合

hallucination n．幻觉，幻想
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．[1997年阅读]
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。

healthcare n．卫生保健
The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．[1997年完形]
[译文]这种现象可以使公司保持全球范围的竞争力，同时避免了市场的恶性循环和由于雇佣规定、医疗保险费用和养老金计划所造成的压力。

holodeck n．全息舱面
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．[2001年翻译]
[译文]再过不到30年，“星球旅行”号的全息舱面就会变为现实。

homicide n．杀人，杀人者
“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有故意杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有故意让病人自杀，你就可以去冒令你的病人自杀的风险。”

horrify v．使恐怖
That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．[1999年阅读]
[译文]这种前景让网络纯粹主义者感到不安。

hospice n．旅客住宿处，收容所
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．[2002年阅读]
[译文]医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。

humane a．仁慈的，人道的
Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．[2003年阅读]
[译文]科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。

husbandry n．畜牧业
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．[1999年阅读]
[译文]他(克林顿总统)宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验??尽管还没有人提议要那样做??并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。

hydroelectric　a．水力电气的
Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．[1998年阅读]
[译文]水利发电、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的，不一定非要建大坝。

hyperactive a．活动过度的，极度活跃的
The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年阅读)
[译文]这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。

hypocritical a．伪善的，伪善者的
Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．[2000年阅读]
[译文]相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观。

impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的
The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．anti-science”is_______．
[A]impartial (a.)[1998年阅读]
[译文]作者对“科学与反科学”这场争端的态度_________。
[A]公平的

impoverish vt．使贫穷，使枯竭
To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．[2001年阅读]
[译文]要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。

intellect n．智力
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。

inconclusive a．非决定性的，不确定的
That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain? [2005年阅读]
[译文]证据不充分，没有科学定论?

ingenuity n．机灵，独创性，精巧，灵活性
Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．[2002年阅读]
[译文]从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是简单肮脏的工作。

interpretation n．解释，阐明，口译，通译
(39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．[2001年完形]
[译文]Irvine勋爵说，对欧洲立法中所包涵的关于个人隐私监控权的解释，将留给法官，而不是议会，这招致新闻媒体的一片抗议。此后两天，此信被公之于世。

ineptly ad．不适当地，无能地
First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．[1998年阅读]
[译文]一种解释是近年来所进行的公司重组也许并未奏效。

inflationary a．通货膨胀的，通货膨胀倾向的
If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary (a.) universe theory．[1998年翻译]
[译文]假如那些小热点看上去同预测的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀学说。

info n．①消息；②资料；③信息
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide?the division of the world into the info (n．③) (information) rich and the info poor．[2001年阅读]
[译文]今天，人们十分关注所谓的是信息差异问题??世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；

infringement n．违反，侵害
Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements (n.) to fair competition?[2001年阅读]
[译文]当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?

inhuman a．野蛮的
Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________．
[B]inhuman (a.) and unacceptable[2003年阅读]
[译文]被误导的人们往往认为：在研究中使用动物是______。
[B]不人道、不可接受的

innate a．先天的，天生的
Its hero avoids being civilized?going to school and learning to read?so he can preserve his innate (a.) goodness．[2004年阅读]
[译文]该书(马克•吐温的小说《哈克贝利•芬》)的主人公逃避教化??不上学和不学习读书写字??因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

innermost a．最里面的，内心的，秘密的
Researchers have come to believe that dreams________．
[C]reflect our innermost (a.) desires and fears[2005年阅读]
[译文]研究人员最终认识到梦________。
[C]反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧

insatiable a．不知足的，贪求无厌的
Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable (a.) curiosity．[2003年翻译]
[译文]人类既善于思考又善于创造，拥有永不满足的好奇心。

insidious a．阴险的
But one insidious (a.) form continues to thrive：alphabetism. [2004年阅读]
[译文]但是有一种隐蔽的(歧视)形式还在蔓延：按字母表顺序排名。

instantaneously ad．立即
But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously (ad.) focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd．[2002年阅读]
[译文]但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。

juggle v．杂耍，同时做(两种以上活动等)
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling(vi．)through the’80s，downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life?growing your own organic vegetables，and risking turning into one?as a personal recognition of your limitations．[2001年阅读]
[译文]对我们这一代女性来说，整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活，90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活一自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一一倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。

jurisdiction n．权限
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list，they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction (n.) that would help their budgets and patients．[2005年阅读]
[译文]所以，在下一次，当省政府官员们在尼亚加拉瀑布再次开会时，他们不仅要继续争论药品价格；而且还会在预算和病人的管辖权上吵的声嘶力竭。

lawsuit n．诉讼
In May，Julie Nimmons，president of Schutt Sports in Illinois，successfully fought a lawsuit (n.) involving a foot ball player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet．[1999年阅读]
[译文]五月份，伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。

landmark n．里程碑，划时代的事
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark (n.) evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻译]
[译文]研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据证明宇宙的确起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大团能量)。

linguist n．语言学家
As a linguist(n.)，he acknowledges that all varieties of human language，including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive?there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas．[2005年阅读]
[译文]作为一位语言学家，他承认多种多样的人类语言，包括那些非标准的语言，比如黑人英语，都具有极强的表达力一世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。

limbic a．边缘的
But not all pans of the brain are equally involved；the lirnbic(a．)system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active．while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动；控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和理性的大脑部位却相对平静。

lining n．内衬，衬里
Many folks see silver linings(n.)to this slowdown．[2004年阅读]
[译文]许多人对于经济减速抱有乐观的希望。

liken vt．把…比作
Hence the analogy that likens (vt.) the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年阅读]
[译文]因此，才会有人将货币政策的指导作用比做是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、破碎的后视镜及方向盘失灵的汽车。

literate n．学者；a．有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate (a.) and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry．[1996年阅读]
[译文]为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各洲尤为可见。

livelihood n．生活，生计
Rather，we have a certain conception of the American citizen，a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood (n.) and happiness are affected by things outside of himself．[1999年阅读]
[译文]我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，即他必须准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，否则他的公民特征就是不完整的。

lockout n．停工，封厂
The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout (n.) taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation．[1996年阅读]
[译文]罢工和封厂的无情惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。

logo n．标识语
“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”“human”and logos (n.) “the study of．”[2003年翻译]
[译文]“Anthropology”(人类学)一词来源于希腊词“anthropos”(人类)和“loges”(研究)。

manifestation n．显示，表现，示威运动
At Time Warner，however，such questions are simply the latest manifestation (n.) of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990．[1997年阅读]
[译文]不过，对于成立于1990年的时代华纳公司而言，这样的质问仅仅只是公司自我反思的最新表现。

marketplace n．集会场所，市场
“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace (n．)?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年阅读]
[译文]我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁•贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。

maximize vt．最大值，最佳化
Thus，in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize (vt.) profits and the desire，of individuals to maximize their incomes，that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it．[1994年阅读]
[译文]因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。

manicurist n．指甲修饰师
But the 47-year-old manicurist (n.) isn't cutting，filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to，either．[2005年阅读]
[译受]但是，这位四十七岁的指甲修饰师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲数量却难遂其愿了。

manifesto n．宣言，声明
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto (n.)，published in 1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia．[1998年阅读]
[译文]将该词(反科学)用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。

marathon n．马拉松赛跑，耐力赛
Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences：remember that Pheidippides，the first marathon (n.) runner, dropped dead seconds after saying：“Rejoice，we conquer!”[1995年阅读]
[译文]过分地热衷于获胜会产生危险的后果：记住，第一位跑马拉松的费迪皮迪兹在说完“欢呼吧，我们赢了”之后几秒就倒地而死。

markedly ad．显著地，明显地
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers，so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock，their behaviour became markedly (ad.) different．[2005年阅读]
[译文]但是当两只猴子被分别关在相邻的笼子之后，而且每只猴子还能看到对方用石头交换了什么物品时，它们的行为习惯发生了明显的变化。

media n．媒体
In Europe，as elsewhere，multi-media (n.) groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television，radio，newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another．[2005年翻译]
[译文]像其他地方一样，欧洲的传媒集团越来越成功，这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。

methodology n．方法学，方法论
There is no agreement whether methodology(n．) refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry．[1999年翻译]
[译文]所谓方法是指在一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

medication n．药物治疗，药物处理，药物
Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication (n.) can be prescribed．[2002年阅读]
[译文]根据本文，下面哪项说法正确?
[C]法院裁定，医生可以开大剂量减轻病痛的药。

millennium n．太平盛世，一千年
Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium (n.) technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place．[2001年翻译]
[译文]皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

mediation n．仲裁，调停，调解
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center，contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation (n.) to control their pain if that might hasten death．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希•都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话，那就不能这样做。

mediocrity n．平常，平凡
The grand mediocrity (n.) of today?everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring?means that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes．[2000年阅读]
[译文]今天这种极其显著的平均化??每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同??意味着与部落相比较，自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80％的效力。

megamerger n．大规模合并
A few weeks ago，Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers (n.) in the banking industry．[2001年阅读]
[译文]几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。

milestone n．里程碑，转折点
The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones (n.) that mark the passage of the plates．[1998年阅读]
[译文]热点及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。

miniaturization n. 小型化
And thanks to the continual miniaturization (n.) of electronics and micro-mechanics，there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy?far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone．[2002年阅读]
[译文]由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到微米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。

misdeed n．罪行，犯罪
Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (n.) or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]
[译文]将少年犯罪主要归咎于个人的理论认为少年犯罪是因为他们以前的过错没有得到足够的惩罚，或是因为他们在和其他人交往的过程中学会了犯罪行为。

momentarily ad．即刻，暂时地
From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.
[C]easily and momentarily (ad.)[2000年阅读]
[译文]从最后一段我们可总结出：应____拥有雄心。
[C]轻松、暂时地

morphine n．吗啡
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine (n.) to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient．[2002年阅读]
[译文]近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。

municipality n．市政当局，自治市
At the same time the great municipalities (n.) went into business to supply lighting，trams and other services to the taxpayers．[1996年阅读]
[译文]与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提照明、电车及其他服务。

mutability n．易变性
Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents，so hot spots may explain their mutability (n.) (inconstancy)．[1998年阅读]
[译文]这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

neural a．神经系统的，神经中枢的
By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by-products of the neural (a.) -repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。

newsletter n．时事通讯
However，the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27：wise) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers，(28：for example)，publishing newsletters (n.) with many student-written book reviews，(29：displaying) student artwork，and sponsoring book discussion clubs．[2003年完形]
[译文]然而，青少年的生活已经充满竞争，所以为他们安排赢家多于输家的各种活动是明智的。例如，出版由学生自己撰编书评的新闻小册子，展出学生的艺术品和赞助成立读书俱乐部等等。

newsroom n．编辑部，阅览室
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom (n.) seem alien to many readers．[2001年阅读]
[译文]新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。

negligence n．疏忽
The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _____．
[A]they both suffered from the government's negligence(n．)[2005年阅读]
[译文]作者将全球变暖问题与吸烟相联系是因为_______。
[A]两者都被政府忽视了

neurologist n.神经学家
By the late 1970s，neurologists (n.) had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by products of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”??睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。

nonconformist a．／n．不符合传统规范的(人)，不墨守成规旧习的(人)
Straitford is most proud of its_______．
[B]nonconformist (n.) image[2003年阅读]
[译文]“Straitford”感到最骄傲的是它的_______。
[B]不落俗套的现象

nuclei n．①(nucleus的复数形)核心；②原子核
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei (n．①)to create a child．[1999年阅读]
[译文]NBAC计划呼吁继续禁止使用联邦政府基金利用人体细胞核去克隆婴儿的任何企图。

oncogene n．致癌基因
If several oncogenes (n.) are driven into action，the cell，unable to turn them off，beeoines cancerous．[1994年阅读]
[译文]如果若干致癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。

oncologist n．肿瘤学家
“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”says oncologist (n.) Williarn Hayward．[1994年阅读]
[译文]“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。

optimism n．乐观，乐观主义
History and news become confused，and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism (n.)[2005年翻译]
[译文]历史和新闻往往混为一谈，人们的这种印象往往也是怀疑和乐观的混合体。

outburst n．(火山、感情等)爆发、喷出，突发，破裂
What accounts for the great outburst (n.) of major inventions in early America?breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine?[1 996年阅读]
[译文]在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明纷涌而出，这是什么原因呢?

outcry n．大声疾呼
Amid the outcry (n.)，many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education．[2000年阅读]
[译文]在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育。

outpour v．(使)泻出，(使)流出；n．倾注，流出物
The best title for this passage might be______．
[D]Outpouring (v.) of Inventions[1996年阅读]
[译文]对本文来说最佳的标题可能是______。
[D]发明的涌现

overfund vt．对…提供充足资金
As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年阅读]
[译文]作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。

overstate vt．夸大，夸张
In Line 8, Paragraph 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means____.
[B]Americans tend to overstate (vt.) their incomes[1994年阅读]
[译文]第一段第八行中的“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”指_____。
[B]美国人往往夸大他们的收入

panick v．使惊慌，使恐慌；n．惊慌，恐慌
Consumers seem only concerned，not panicked (v.)，and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects，even as they do some modest belt-tightening．[2004年阅读]
[译文]消费者只是略有担心，并没有恐慌，许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。

paralysis n．瘫痪，麻痹
Instead of a plan of action，they continue to press for more research?a classic of“paralysis (n.) by analysis．”[2005年阅读]
[译文]不但没有行动计划，反而取而代之的是他们在反复不断地敦促继续研究??一个典型的通过分析来拖延，大事化小，小事化了的案例。

pancreas n．胰腺
But other survival statistics are still discouraging?13 percent for lung cancer，and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (n.)．[1994年阅读]
[译文]但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧一一肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。

paraphrase v．解释；n．解释
To paraphrase (v.) 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke，“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing．”[2003年阅读]
[译文]18世纪政治家埃德蒙•博克曾说过类似这样的话，“误导之所以得逞，就是因为好人无所作为”。

participatory a．供人分享的，参与的
The journalist advocating participatory (a.) democracy in all phases of life，whose own children are enrolled in private schools．[2000年阅读]
[译文]倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。

partisan n．帮派(之争)
In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered，it is also frequently partial or partisan (n.)．[1999年翻译]
[译文]这样的研究中所发现的证据总是不完整的，通常也会带来片面性，还会出现帮派之争。

pathway n．路径
“Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway (n.) between them and the supplier，”says senior analyst Blanc Erwin of Forrester Research．[1999年阅读]
[译文]Forrester研究所的高级分析师布兰•欧文说，“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”

patriarchal a．家长的，族长的
The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands，but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal (a.) system of the old family business now passing away．[1996年阅读]
[译文]领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。

perception n．①洞察力；②理解力;③知觉
What they found，in attempting to model thought，is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented?and human perception(n．③)far more complicated?than previously imagined．[2002年阅读]
[译文]在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1，000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。

pervasive a．普遍深入的
symptoms of pervasive (a．)anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find．[2004年阅读]
[译文]学校里不难发现反学识倾向的普遍表现。

penalize v．处罚
Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized (v.) for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]
[译文]将少年犯罪主要归咎于个人的理论认为少年犯罪是因为他们以前的过错没有得到足够的惩罚，或是因为他们在和其他人交往的过程中学会了犯罪行为。

perceptual a．知觉的，有知觉的
First of all，most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual (a.) distortions．[1997年阅读]
[译文]首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面的影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。

permissible a．可允许的
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects?a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen?is permissible (a.) if the actor intends only the good effect．[2002年阅读]
[译文]尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果)，那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。

permissive a．许可的，放纵的
Blaming the permissive (a.) 1960s is nothing new，but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education．[2005年阅读]
[译文]责难放纵的60年代并不新鲜，但这并不是另一份批评教育滑坡的长篇大论。

pharmaceutical n．药物；a．制药(学)上的
Of course，the pharmaceutical(a.) companies will scream．They like divided buyers；they can lobby better that way．[2005年阅读]
[译文]当然药厂不会同意，他们喜欢散客买家，那样他们可以暗中运作。

populate v．①居住；②开垦
As a result the modern world is increasingly popu]ated (v．①) by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．[2002年阅读]
[译文]因此，现代社会有了越来越多的智能装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。

predominance n．优势
Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance(n.) proved painful．[2000年阅读1]
[译文]从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。

primacy n．首位
A comparison of Brirish geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy(n．)of research，but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper．[2001年阅读]
[译文]对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加,而且发现人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。

[1] [2]  下一页